Developing fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) that can go everywhere has proven harder and more expensive than expected, but investors are continuing to fund startups that target simpler self-driving vehicle solutions far removed from pedestrians and other vehicles operated by unpredictable humans.

British AV software company Oxbotica, Sweden's Einride, America's Outrider and British supplier Aurrigo International Plc are among a number of companies drawing investor interest with more focused approaches, aimed at smaller, simpler customer segments - from mining vehicles to tractors or forklifts.

After watching robotaxi firms spend billions on technology that could still be many years away, investors are looking for startups that burn less cash and are preferably already generating revenue, said Kasper Sage, managing partner at BMW's venture capital fund BMW iVentures, which led autonomous forklift company Fox Robotics' $20 million funding round in October.

"Full autonomy in every kind of environment is still years, if not decades out," Sage said. "You need to have a business case that works and you need to make the problem smaller."

Earlier promises made by robotaxi companies of operating fleets of vehicles by the early 2020s have fallen well short. When Ford Motor Co and Volkswagen AG pulled the plug on self-driving unit Argo AI in November, Ford CEO Jim Farley said a profitable robotaxi business was still many years away. Ford rival General Motors Co burned through nearly $2 billion last year at its robotaxi unit Cruise and said it anticipates spending even more in 2023.

The problem is that making robot cars that can drive more safely than people is immensely tough. This is because AV systems still lack humans' ability to predict and assess risk quickly, especially when encountering unexpected incidents.

When it became clear that the era of robotaxis was still distant, investors in 2021 shifted instead to self-driving truck companies that promised a faster route to market by hauling freight autonomously - arguing it would be easier to develop AVs to operate on highways at high speed without pedestrians.

But those startups have also struggled to deliver because a robot driving fast still cannot match the human brain.

AV truck technology firm Aurora, for instance, has a market value of $2 billion, a fraction of the $12.5 billion when it went public in 2021 via a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC).

KEEPING IT SIMPLE

Faced with the long-term conundrum that people and robots do not mix well, investors have gone back to basics, targeting less-complex, less cash-intensive forms of autonomy with a clearer path to payback, operating at lower speeds with little to no traffic.

BMW iVentures has also invested in AV truck technology firm Kodiak Robotics, which managing partner Sage said has adopted a simpler approach to areas like mapping.

In October, Kodiak won a $50 million contract to develop AVs for the U.S. Army.

"It helps that we're not spending a ton of money, like some folks have," said Kodiak CEO Don Burnette.

Overall venture investment in AV companies in the fourth quarter plunged 47% to $1.4 billion from a year earlier, according to PitchBook senior analyst Jonathan Geurkink.

But $500 million of that went to AV electric truck firm Einride, which is working towards running self-driving trucks on public roads but has focused first on less-crowded private roads at logistics and manufacturing hubs of customers like GE Appliances, a unit of Chinese home appliance maker Haier.

"The shift in investment ... toward off-road/more structured environments is a very real one given the lack of progress in passenger AVs (and) the high capital requirements involved," said Asad Hussain, research partner at private equity firm Mobility Impact Partners.

'SOMEWHERE, NOT EVERYWHERE'

Last month, British AV software startup Oxbotica announced $140 million in funding to roll out more products, starting with AVs operating in mines and remote areas.

"We're really focused on 'somewhere' autonomy rather than 'everywhere' autonomy because that's where the value is today," Oxbotica CEO Gavin Jackson said.

Jamie Vollbracht, founding partner of Kiko Ventures, IP Group Plc's $450 million clean-tech investment platform, said mining companies can lose millions of dollars per hour in remote areas if they cannot get a human driver into a truck, placing them among a growing number of viable markets for AVs. Kiko was Oxbotica's first institutional investor.

"There has been a major underestimation of the scale of those early (AV) applications," Vollbracht said.

U.S. startup Outrider in January announced $73 million in funding to scale up its self-driving trucks that currently operate at low speeds in customers' distribution yards.

Construction and agricultural equipment - used off-road in low-traffic environments - has been another growth area for AV startups. They are operating alongside traditional heavy equipment makers like Caterpillar Inc, Deere & Co and CNH Industrial NV, which have also invested in AV technology.

Like Oxbotica, Apex.AI designs AV software for use in a variety of vehicles for "a number of non-automotive and trucking customers (with) a wide range of applications," said CEO Jan Becker.

U.S. agricultural equipment maker AGCO Corp, for instance, is using the Palo Alto, California-based startup's software for an experimental automated electric planter.

Deere has already acquired a number of AV-related businesses as it moves towards autonomy, including self-driving tractor firm Bear Flag Robotics for $250 million in 2021.

San Francisco-based Trucks Venture Capital had invested in Bear Flag before its sale and managing partner Reilly Brennan said the firm is "actively looking for another autonomous ag (startup)."

Trucks Venture Capital has also invested in Teleo, a maker of semi-autonomous retrofits for heavy construction and mining equipment that announced $12 million in funding last June.

Teleo's system allows a human operator to control multiple slow-moving AVs remotely and to take over only in situations that the software cannot handle. CEO Vinay Shet said combining the best of AV software and the human brain allowed Teleo to "build a real product that we can take to market today and not wait for another decade or two."

(Reporting By Nick Carey in Coventry, England, and Paul Lienert in Detroit, Editing by Ben Klayman and Matthew Lewis)